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英文中的替代现象


替代(substitution)是一种避免重复和连接上下文的手段。对句中相同的非关键性词语可用替代词(Substitute)来替代,从而避免重复。替代的结果还会使替代词的邻近词语受到强调。如:

Here are two dresses. One is red; the other blue.

I prefer the red one.


在这里,由于dress为替代词one所取代,不仅避免了重复dress一词,而且通过这种替代关系而使上下文紧密连接,同时也使red一词受到强调。


有三种替代现象:名词性替代(nominal substitution)、动词性替代(verbal substitution)和分句性替代(clausal substitution)。对应的,也有三种替代词:名词替代词(nominal substitute)、动词替代词(verbal substitute)和分句替代词(clausal substitute)。

名词性替代词包括one(s)、the same、the kind和the sort等以及一些不定代词(如all、both、some、any、enough、less)

Can you play the piano? There is one (=a piano) in the room.

Can you give me a few nails? I need some (= some nails).


着重强调替代词one/ones的用法

a)one通常可用来替代上文中出现过的可数名词或以可数名词为中心词的整个名词词组,即可指人,也可指物。例如:

The grey horse is stronger than the black one (=horse).

There were a few young people with some older ones (=people) in the house.

需要注意的是,one/ones作为替代词只能用以替代可数名词,不可用来替代不可数名词。

It’s cheaper to buy old furniture than to have new one made. ×


b)当替代词one用以替代名词词组中心词时,它通常带有限定词,但是,不定冠词和物主限定词通常不可以直接位于替代词one之前。在不定冠词和物主限定词之后通常须跟有形容词或其他前置修饰语,随后才可用替代词one。

Can I have a melon? I’d like a big one.

I’d like a one. ×  Let’s take his one. ×

在both和own之后通常不用one或ones。

I prefer red roses to white ones, but my wife likes both. (而不用both ones)


c)替代词one如果不带任何前置修饰语,其所替代的对象便不是名词中心词,而是整个名词词组,其意义通常是类指的。

If you want a typewriter, they will provide you with one (=a typewriter).


d)替代词ones通常不能单独使用,它总是带有限定词和前置修饰语(形容词),因此只能替代名词中心词,而不能替代整个名词词组。

I don’t like red roses, I like the white ones (= roses).

动词性替代词/代动词包括do、do so。

Mary didn’t come, did she?

Yes, she did (=came).


Does Granny look after you every day?

She can’t do (=look after me) at weekends.


She plays the piano better than she does (=plays) the guitar.


I like playing football.


So do I. (=I like playing football too)

分句替代词包括so和not

Do you think he’ll come tomorrow?

Yes, I think so. (so=that he’ll come tomorrow)

No, I think not. (not=that he’ll not come tomorrow)

分句替代词so/not还可与从属连词if搭配,构成无动词条件分句if so、if not。


We are told that he will come tonight, and if so, our meeting will be held tomorrow.  

部分内容取自《科技翻译能力拓展研究》范武邱著,如有侵权,联系删除。


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